GR No. L-239 June 30, 1947

Republic of the Philippines 

SUPREME COURT Manila 

EN BANC 

DECISION 

GR No. L-239 June 30, 1947 
THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs. Apolonio CARLOS, defendant-appellant. 
Vicente J. Francisco, Felicisimo Ocampo and Alberto V. Francisco for appellant. 
Office of the First Assistant Solicitor General Reyes and Solicitor Tomacruz for appellee. ,
 J.: 

 The appellant was found guilty of treason by the People's Court and sentenced to reclusion perpetua, to pay a fine of P7,000, and costs. The findings of the People's Court are not assigned as errors or disputed. The lower court found that one day in July or August, 1944, about two or three o'clock in the morning, a truck pulled up to the curb in front of a house on Constancia Street, Sampaloc, Manila, where one lived Matthew Martin . From the truck the accused, a Japanese spy, alighted together with members of the Japanese military police and pointed Martin Matthew's house and Fermin Javier's house to His Japanese companions, whereupon the Japanese soldiers broke into Martin Matthew's dwelling first and Fermin Javier's afterwards. They seized those houses in Martin Matthew, Matthew and Fermin Javier Ladislao, bound their hands, and put Them in the truck. Along with other persons who had been rounded up in the other places and who had been kept in the truck while it was parked , They were taken to Fort Santiago where the two Fermin Javier Mateos and were tortured and from Which They were released six days later. The reason for the arrest and maltreatment of Martin and Matthew was that Ladislao They had Refused to divulge the whereabouts of their brother , Marcelino Matthew, who was a guerrilla and who had escaped from the Japanese. And Fermin Javier was Arrested and tortured Because he himself was a guerrilla, a fact Which Carlos knew or at least suspected. The defendant in this instance invokes only questions of law. He assigns four alleged errors, viz.: I. The lower court erred in not holding that the accused can not be convicted of the offense of treason committed against the government of the United States and of the Philippines, Because it is a settled principle in international law that in a territory actually under the authority of the enemy, all laws of the political complexion of the previous government are suspended, and are without force and inasmuch as the laws of the United States and the Commonwealth of the Philippines and penalyzing defining the crime of treason are all of the political complexion, They were suspended and had no binding effect whatsoever upon the inhabitants in the occupied territories said. II. The People's Court erred in not declaring the accused could not have violated the Philippine law on treason, Because it is also a settled principle in international law that in Such occupied territories all laws inconsistent with the occupation are being likewise suspended and without force and effect over the inhabitants, and since the laws of the United States and the Commonwealth of the Philippines and penalyzing defining treason against the said government by their very nature are evidently inconsistent with the said occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese Imperial forces, the said laws must be deemed as having been suspended and without force and effect upon the Filipinos, During the said occupation. III. The People's Court erred in not holding that the accused herein can not be convicted of the crime of treason committed against the government of the United States and of the Philippines, Because it is settled principle in international law that once the territory is so occupied by the enemy, the allegiance is as a legal obligation distinguishable and distinguished from loyalty of the inhabitants therein to the former government or governments is temporarily suspended, and it being Necessary and essential for the commission of the offense of treason against the United States and the Commonwealth of the Philippines that the supposed offender shouldnt owe allegiance to said government at the time of the alleged offense, it Follows that the accused can not possibly be chargeable with treason against the United States and the Commonwealth of the Philippines for acts allegedly committed by him in the territory of actually occupied by the Philippines During the Japanese occupation said. IV. The decision rendered in this case be reversed and shouldnt, set aside, Because the law Creating the People's Court is unconstitutional. The questions propounded in the first, second and third assignments of error were squarely raised and decided in the case of Laurel vs. Misa (77 Phil. 856). That decision controls this appeal so far as the pleas of suspended allegiance and change of sovereignty are concerned. On the strength thereof, the first three assignments of error must be overruled. The fourth assignment of error attacks the Law Creating the People's Court as unconstitutional. Numerous provisions of the People's Court Act are singled out as contrary to the Organic Law. But in formulating many of His propositions the appellant has not indicated the Reasons Which or the authorities sustain them. We shall dispose of them as briefly as They are Presented. For better understanding, we shall reproduce the appellant's propositions and will comment on them separately. The brief says: (a) It (People's Court Act) Contains provisions Entirely Which deals on matters foreign to the subject matter expressed in its title, Such as: 

(1) The first proviso of section 2 thereof, Which retains the jurisdiction of the Court of First Instance to try and decide cases of crimes committed against national security During the second world war not filed Within six months, notwithstanding the fact that Shown and its title, the People's Court is precisely created for that purpose, and impliedly, the People's Court jurisdiction in regard to said crimes is exclusive; 

(2) The second proviso of the first section Which grants the People's Court jurisdiction to convict and sentence those accused therein Even of crimes other than those against national security, although its title does not in any way indicate that Such jurisdiction over other crimes would be granted to the said court;

(3) Section 14 thereof, Which adds to the disqualifications of Justice of the Supreme Court and provides a procedure for their substitution, a matter not indicated in any MANNER in its title; 

(4) The first proviso of action 19 thereof, Which changes the existing Rules of Court on the subject of bail although its title speaks only of the creation of the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors; and 

(5) The second proviso of the first section, Which suspends the provisions of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code, a substantive law, Which is not referred to in its title expressly or by implication. The People's Court was intended to be a full and complete scheme with its own machinery for the indictment, trial and judgment of treason case. The Various provisos mentioned, in our opinion, are allied and Germane to the subject matter and purposes of the People's Court Act; They are subordinate to its end. Which matters the multitude of the legislation, by its nature, has to embrace would make mention of all of them in the title of the act cumbersome. It is not necessary, and the Congress is not expected, to make the title of an enactment a complete index of its contents. (Government of the Philippine Islands vs. Municipality of Binalonan, 32 Phil. 634.) The constitutional rule is satisfied if all parts of a law relate to the subject expressed in its title.

The brief says: (b) It deprives persons similarly situated of the equal protection of the laws inasmuch as: (1) Only those political offenders against whom cases are filed Within six months from the passage of the law are to be tried in the People's Court, while others are to be tried in the Courts of First Instance; (2) Political offenders accused in the People's Court are denied the preliminary examination and / or investigation whereas the others who shall be entitled thereto; (3) Political offenders accused in the People's Court have limited right to appeal, while those who have be accused of the same crimes in the Courts of First Instance have absolute right of appeal inasmuch as under section 13 of the Law, Rules 42 and 46 of the Rules of Court are made ​​applicable to the latter; (4) Appeals in the case involving persons who held any office or position under Either or Both the Philippine Executive Commission and the Philippine Republic or any branch, instrumentalities and / or agencies thereof are to heard and decided by a substantially different Supreme Court, thuS causing lack of informity in rulings over the same subject; (5) The first proviso of section 19 thereof prescribes a different rule as to the granting of release on bail only with respect to the political offenders DeTaIneD by the United States Army and released to the Commonwealth of the Philippines but not as to others political offenders accusable or accused of the same crimes; and (6) The second proviso of section 19 thereof suspends Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code only as to those political detainees released by the United States Army to the Commonwealth of the Philippines or, and most, only to those accused or accusable of the crimes specified in the law and not as to all persons accused or accusable of crimes against national security committed During the second world war, much less to all offenders, notwithstanding the fact that there is no real difference our reasonable and said groups of offenders. (1) The People's Court is a court of special jurisdiction created and restricted under the stress of an emergency and national security. It was devised to operate for a limited period only, a limitation imposed by economic necessity and other factors of public policy.

Obviously, the main concerning the creation of a special court and was the trial and disposition of the cases, numbering over 6,000, of accused who were being held by the United States military authorities and who were to be turned over to the Commonwealth Government. It was presumed that there were other cases of treason not included in this number - Which cases Discovered MIGHT not be until years afterward -, and the possibility was not overlooked that some of the cases Which Even the United States Army was on the eve of placing under the jurisdiction of the Philippine Government could not be filed and submitted for trial Within a foreseeable future owing to lack of readily available evidence, absence of witnesses, or other causes. On the other hand, considerations of economy and public interests forbade maintenance of the People's Court for an indefinite period. Under the the the circumstances, it was Necessary that a provision be made ​​requiring that only cases Which could be brought to court Within six months and Which were deemed enough to occupy the attention of the People's Court Within the limited time of its life, shouldnt be cognizable by it, and the rest shouldnt be instituted in the proper Courts of First Instance. Such provision is not an arbitrary and international discrimination, and does not work as a deprivation of the right to equal protection of the laws. Both in privileges or advantages conferred, if any, and in liabilities imposed, if any, equal the person under the circumstances are treated alike. It does not deprivation of appellant of the protection enjoyed by others Failing Within His class. The equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Constitution "does not Prevent a state or municipality from adjusting its legislation to differences in Situations and making a distinction or discrimination in its legislation in respect of things that are different, provided that the discrimination or distinction has a reasonable foundation or rational basis and is not palpably, purely, and Entirely arbitrary in the legislative sense, that is, outside of the wide discretion Which the legislative body with exercise. "(16 CJS, 997) Moreover, with its associate feature the People's Court is designed to extend greater protection to persons charged with collaboration with the enemy. If others are prosecuted before a Court of First Instance, the appellant They shouldnt and not have cause to complain of discrimination. (2) Section 22 in denying a preliminary investigation to accused persons before the People's Court is justified by the conditions prevailing when the law was enacted. In view of the great number of prisoners then under detention and the length of time and amount of labor that would be consumed if so many prisoners were allowed the right to have a preliminary investigation, considered with the necessity of disposing of these cases at the earliest possible dates in the interest of the public and of the accused themselves, it was not an unwise measure Which Such investigation dispensed with in Such cases. Preliminary investigation, it must be remembered, is not a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution. For the rest, the constitutional prohibition against employer discrimination defendants placed in the same situation and condition is not infringed. (3) For the same Reasons Stated before, this contention can not be upheld. There is a rational basis for the distinction. The employment of two modes of appellate procedure in the two classes of cases involved are, in our opinion, suitably adapted to the differences, in their composition, Between the courts from Which the appeals are taken. The People's Court is a collegiate court, whereas the Court of First Instance is presided over by a single judge. Appeal is not a constitutional but statutory right. The admitted fact that there is no discrimination from the same employer appeals court or class of court saves objected to the provision from being unconstitutional. (4) This objection does not seem to fall Within the subject of the constitutional guarantee against deprivation of equal protection of the laws. Be that as it has, we find no merit in the appellant's contention. The disqualification under the People's Court Act of some or a majority of the members of this Court and their substitution by justices of the Court of Appeals or judges of the Courts of First Instance do not make the Supreme Court, as thuS constituted, a new court In the eyes of the law. A court is an entity possessing a personality Separate and distinct from the men who compose or sit on it. This objection is no more valid than that of a party in an ordinary action who protests that His case is heard by a Supreme Court Which, by reason of disability of a majority of its regular members, is made ​​up mostly of judges from outside. As to the "lack of Uniformity in rulings over the same subject," it need only be said that the Constitution does not insure judicial Uniformity of Decisions; Neither does it assure immunity from judicial error. (5) and (6) The two provisos in section 19 do no constitute denial of equal protection of the laws. The distinction made ​​by these provisos Between two sets of accused in the "granting or release on bail" and in the application of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code are not arbitrary or fanciful calculated to favor or prejudice one or the other class. This point was discussed and length and made ​​clear in Laurel vs. Misa (76 Phil. 372), this Court explained in Which the Reasons Which necessitated the extension to six months of the authorized detention of persons charged with treason before filing of information. provisos The rest "on some real and substantial distinction bearing a difference or just and fair relation to the legislation. " (16 CJS, 998) The brief says: "(c) It is a bill of attainder in that it virtually imposes upon specific, Known and identified individuals or groups of individual, the penalty of detention and imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months without any form of trial or judicial procedure. "" The bill of attainder is a legislative act Which inflicts punishment without judicial trial. "(Cummings vs. Missouri, 4 Wall., 232, etc.) Detention of a prisoner for a period not exceeding six months pending investigation or trial is not a punishment but a Necessary extension of the well-recognized power to hold the suspected criminal for investigation. This proviso was held by this Court to be justified and reasonable under the circumstances existing in the Laurel vs. Mass, supra. The brief says: "(d) Section 2 thereof Which purports to define the jurisdiction of the People's Court constitutes an invalid and void delegation of legislative power Which is vested exclusively in the Congress of the Philippines by the Constitution, in so far as said section virtually leaves unqualifiedly in the discretion of the Solicitor General and / or the Office of Special Prosecutors the power to determine the actual cases over Which the People's Court shall have jurisdiction. "Granting the correctness of the premise of this proposition, it does not follow that the authority vested in the Solicitor General amounts to a delegation of legislative power. We do not think that the power to institute certain cases in one court or another in the discretion of the prosecuting attorney is an exercise of legislative power. "The true distinction is Between the delegation of power to make the law, Which necessarily involves a discretion as to what it shall be, and conferring authority or discretion as to its law. The first can not be done: to the latter no valid objection can be made. "(Cincinnati, V. & ZR Co. vs. Clinton County Comr's [1852], 1 Ohio St., 77, cited in Tañada on the constitution of the Philippines, p. 291.)

The brief says: "(e) Sections 1, 4 and 18 thereof abridge, limit and curtail the power of appointment of the President or the Chief Executive in that - (1) Section 1 practically leaves the President with such a very small field of choice in the appointment of the members of the court that he can hardly use His discretion in regard thereto: and (4) Sections 4 and 18 actually designate and appoint the persons who will occupy the positions left vacant by those appointed to the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors respectively. The power to create offices and courts is vested in the legislative department. Subject to constitutional restrictions, the Congress has determine on the eligibility and qualification of officers and provide the method for filing them. We find no valid objection on constitutional ground to a law Which directs that a special temporary court shouldnt be filled by appointment by the Chief Executive himself from our judges already on the bench and / or other quasi-judicial officers. As to outsiders who MIGHT have to be appointed by reason of insufficiency of qualified men already in the service, the Chief Executive is left with a wide field of choice. The theory that "sections 4 and 18 actually designate and appoint the persons who will occupy the positions left vacant by those appointed to the People's Court and the Office of Special Prosecutors respectively" loses sight of the fact that the positions referred to are, as a matter of fact, vacant only in theory, and for the duration of the People's Court, and that the law does no more than say that after those judges and officers shall have accomplished their work, They shall go back to their permanent posts.

The brief says: "(f) The said law provides for the designation and / or transfer of judges appointed for particular districts to another place outside of their respective districts without the consent of the Supreme Court." Section 7 of Article VIII of the Constitution provides that "no judge appointed for a particular district shall be designated or transferred to another district without the approval of the Supreme Court. The Congress shall by law determine the residence of judges of the inferior courts. " This constitutional provision, as its language clearly states, refers to transfers from one judicial district to another. It does not prohibit the appointment or designation of a judge from being appointed temporarily or permanently with His consent to a court of the same grade and make-up, Such as the People's Court.

The brief says: "(g) Sections 13 and 19 thereof prescribed rules of procedure Regarding Which bail appeal and violated the rule of Uniformity of rules for all courts of the same grade Established in the Constitution." It is the rules promulgated by the Supreme Which courts are required by section 13 of Article VIII of the Constitution to be uniform for all courts of the same grade. The People's Court is not a court of the same grade, considering many of its special features, and its purposes, as the Court of First Instance or any other existing court in the Philippines, so that the adoption of special rules of procedure for said court different from those applicable to Courts of First Instance is not violative of this constitutional mandate. More than this, the last sentence of the section expressly authorizes the Congress "to repeal, alter, or supplement the rules concerning pleading, practice, and procedure, and the admission to the practice of law in the Philippines." The brief says: "(h) It is destructive of the independence of the judiciary and thereby violates the constitutional provision that the Philippines is a republican state Because: (1) By Creating a special court with jurisdiction over cases Which were already Within the jurisdiction of the Courts of First Instance existing without any real necessity and urgent justification, considering that the persons involved in said cases were more or less Known and identified at the time of the creation of a special court said, the law establishes a precedent under Which the legislature there and any time remove from the jurisdiction of existing courts cases involving definite or specific individuals or groups of individuals to serve any purpose Which composing the said legislature or legislators have the same wish to accomplish, Either to the benefit or damage of said individuals or groups of individuals, (2) By limiting the choice of the judges to compose the People's Court to those who did not hold any position in the Philippine Executive Commission and / or the so-called Republic of the Philippines, the law makes a classification that has absolutely no rational basis inasmuch as the reason for discriminating against those who served in said governments, Which is, that They Might be prejudiced or influenced in favor of the accused exists in equal measure for those who did not serve, in the sense that They have likewise be influenced or prejudiced against the accused; and (3) In leaving practically in the hands of the Solicitor General the absolute right to Choose, in Which court he shall prosecute the cases contemplated by the law, and in--providing that the judges of the People's Court shall be chosen from a limited group of the judges of the Court of First Instance, etc., the law does not leave a wide room for the play of external factors in the administration of justice to those concerned but also destroys the confidence of the people in the judiciary. (1 and 2) These objections go to the wisdom of the law and to matters of policy. This being so, it is enough that the Congress deemed it Necessary to incorporate these provisions in Commonwealth Act No. 682. It is not the province of the courts to supervise legislation and keep it Within the bounds of propriety and common sense. That is primarily and exclusively a legislative concern. (Rubi vs. Provincial Board of Mindoro, 39 Phil. 661.) (3) This proposition is covered by and answered in our comment on paragraph (d) of the brief. The judgment of the lower court is affirmed with costs against the appellant. Moran, CJ, Feria, Pablo, Hilado, Bengzon, and Briones, JJ., Concur. Hontiveros, and Padilla, JJ., Concur in the result. PARAS, J.: I reserve my vote, the decision in the Laurel case is not as yet final.


Separate Opinions Perfecto, J., concurring and dissenting: 

The appeal in this case raises only questions of law. Of the four assignments of error made ​​in the appellant's brief, the first three are premised on the theory of suspended allegiance, and the last is premised on the theory that the law Creating the People's Court is unconstitutional. The question of suspended allegiance was already rejected by a majority of this Court in the case of Laurel vs. Mass, in a resolution dated January 30, 1947 (77 Phil. 856), and our Reasons for voting for the rejection are expressed in our written opinion in said case. We do not see any in the appellant's brief argument with Which justify the changing of our opinion in the Laurel case where, by the way, the question of allegiance suspended Appears to have been discussed, perhaps, thoroughly and exhaustibly. Regarding the fourth assignment of error, appellant advances the User is User is following proposition: "The People's Court Law (Commonwealth Act No. 682) is unconstitutional and void in many parts and as a whole Because:" (a) It Contains provisions on matters Entirely Which deals foreign to the subject matter expressed on its title; "(B) It deprives persons similarly situated of the equal protection of the laws;" (C) It is a bill of attainder in that it virtually imposes upon specific, Known, and identified individuals or groups of individuals, the penalty of detention and imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months without any trial or form or judicial procedure; "(D) Section 2 thereof constitutes an invalid and void delegation of legislative power, in so far as it virtually leaves unqualifiedly in the discretion of the Solicitor General and / or the Office of Special Prosecutors the power to determine the actual case over Which the People's Court shall have jurisdiction: "(e) Section 1, 4, and 18 thereof abridge, limit and curtail the power of appointment of the President; "(F) It provides for the designation and / or transfer of judges appointed for particular district to another place outside of their respective district without the consent of the Supreme Court:" (g) Section 13 and 19 thereof prescribed rules of procedure Regarding Which bail appeal and violated the rule of Uniformity of rules for all courts of the same grade Established in the Constitution; "(H) It is destructive of the independence of the judiciary and thereby violates the constitutional provision that the Philippines is a republican state:" (i) Section 14-providing for disqualification of some Justice of the Supreme Court is unreasonable in its operation. "Although it is regrettable that the appellant failed to elaborate on the grounds upon Several Which he impugns the validity of the law in question, upon Which theory he seeks reversal of the decision of the People's Court and his acquittal from the treason charge, Such failure does not relieve us from the duty of passing upon the questions raised, much more Because They are not of passing Importance. Our opinion on the grounds relied upon by the appellant to attack the Several validity of Commonwealth Act No. 682 is as Follows: (a ) MULTIPLICITY OF SUBJECT MATTER On the first ground, appellant undoubtedly relies on the User is User is following provisions of the Constitution: No. Which bill be enacted into law shall embrace more there than one subject shall be expressed in Which the title of the bill. (Section 21 [1], Article VI.) Five Reasons are advanced by the appellant to show that the acts violates the constitutional prohibition against multiplicity of subject matter. We are going to deal with Them separately. (1) It is alleged that, although the People's Court has been created precisely to try crimes against national security with exclusive jurisdiction impliedly, section 2 thereof retains the jurisdiction of courts of first instance to try and decide case not filed Within six months. We do not believe that the provision violates the constitutional inhibition. There should not be any question that the creation of the People's Court was an answer to an unusual situation, created by the extraordinary social upheaval provoked by the last war, demanding an uncommon solution, compatible with the tenets of our democracy, with the provision of the Constitution, and with the noble aims of justice. The Several Thousands of persons charged with treason DeTaIneD upon liberation and other crimes against national security needed the creation of a judicial machinery for the prompt disposal of their cases so as not to violate their constitutional right to a speedy trial. It was admitted that the then existing inferior courts were not enough to cope with the situation. Those who are guilty, be sentenced shouldnt as soon as possible, so They have expiate for the wrongs that They have committed, and those who are innocent are entitled to be cleared without any delay. The People's Court was, Therefore, created to shoulder the burden that the courts of first instance could not bear. Congress estimate that six months was enough time for the cases of the Thousands of detainees to be filed with the People's Court, while the cases of those who have not yet been DeTaIneD, on the assumption that They will be few, there was no reason why these should not be disposed of by the courts of first instance as is declared in the proviso of section 2 The proviso is Germane with the subject matter of the law and does not violate the prohibition against multiplicity of subject matter. (2) The second objection is raised against the proviso authorizing the People's Court to convict and sentence those accused for any crime included in the acts alleged in the information and Established by the evidence, although They are not classified as our those committed against national security . The objection can not be entertained. The proviso is within the purview of the logical creation of the People's Court. The lawmaker must have had in mind the fact that the boss Thousands of detainees Which motivated the creation of the court there were persons who had committed crimes other than those against national security. Although these are the preliminary crimes in the minds of those who Arrested detainees said, there is nothing UNNATURAL that those who committed crimes said there have also committed offenses of the same nature Either in connection with the first ones or independently, and if said other offenses are included our the facts alleged in the information filed with the People's Court and proved by the evidence, there is no reason why said courts should not punish Them as a court of first instance would, it appearing that the People's Court is but a special court of first instance. (3) The third objection points to the disqualification of Certain Justice of the Supreme Court and the procedure of their substitution as provided in section 14 of Commonwealth Act No. Although 682. said section is, in effect, null and void as unconstitutional, it is not enough ground to hold the whole act as unconstitutional, as said section can be eliminated without affecting the remaining provisions of the Act. (4) The fourth objection points to the proviso of section 19, Which provides for an exception concerning political offenders in the existing rules of court on the subject of bail. Whether the proviso is valid or not, it can not Affect the constitutionality of the whole act. If it is valid, it is within the purview of the creation of the People's Court. If it is invalid, it can be Discarded without affecting the other provisions of the law. (5) The fifth objection points to the second proviso of section 19, suspending the provisions of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code. The proviso is evidently unconstitutional. It is within the purview of the creation of the People's Court. It Creates a discrimination violative of the constitutional guarantee of the equal protection of the laws. In effect, it authorizes deprivation of liberty of the political prisoners for a period of six months, Which is violated of the constitutional guarantee that no person shall be deprived of liberty without due process of law His. But with the proviso be eliminated without affecting the remaining portions of the act and, Therefore, is not enough ground for declaring the whole act null and void. Our conclusions is that the first ground attacking the validity of the law is without merit. (B) EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS Appellant advances six Reasons to show that the act violates the constitutional guarantee of the equal protection of the laws. (1) The first reason is that, under section 2, the People's Court is only to try the cases of political offenders against whom the information has been filed Within six months., While others shall be tried in a Court of First Instance. We believe that there is no unjust discrimination in it, complain of any unjust discrimination. They will be tried by the regular tribunals created to try all other offenses. Those who are to be tried by the People's Court can not complain Either, Because said court is but another court of first instance, although created especially for the prompt disposal of the cases of political detainees. Congress made ​​it collegiate as a guarantee against possible miscarriage of justice due to popular excitement During the first months after the liberation. Congress believed that a three-person tribunal can Defend itself against any outside pressure better than a one-man tribunal. (2) The second reason is that political offenders accused in the People's Court denied the preliminary investigation are accorded to those who have be accused in the court of first instance. We are of the opinion that the allegation is groundless. There is nothing in the act in question depriving political offenders accused in the People's Court of the preliminary investigation as provided by Rule 108 (3) The third reason is that political offenders accused in the People's Court have limited right to appeal, while those who there be accused of the same crime in the court of first instance have the absolute right to appeal. The allegation is partly true. Appears there a discrimination against those who have be convicted by the People's Court in banc, by-that-providing They can only appeal in accordance with Rule 46, under Which only with questions of law be raised. We are of the opinion that the discrimination is violative of the guarantee of the equal protection of the laws, and should not be given effect. But with the unconstitutional provision be eliminated, without annulling the whole act. In practice, the invalid provision seems to have discriminating Become obsolete as all cases in the People's Court are tried and decided in division and not in banc. (4) The fourth reason is that appeals in cases involving persons who held any office under the governments Established by the Japanese During the occupation are to be heard and decided by a Supreme Court substantially different. The allegation is correct by virtue of the provisions of section 14 Which is flagrantly unconstitutional Because (a) the disqualification of some members of the Supreme Court provided therein constitutes in effect partial removal form office in open violation of the guarantees and the procedure provided by Article IX of the Constitution, (b) it provides for sitting in the Supreme Court of persons not appointed in accordance with section 5 of Article VIII of the Constitution and without the qualifications provided in section 6 of the same article, and (c) it provides for the existence of a second Supreme Court in violation of Section 2 of Article VIII of the Constitution Which provides for only "one Supreme Court." But, as we have already Stated, section 14 can be eliminated from Commonwealth Act No. 682, without declaring the Act wholly unconstitutional. (5) The fifth reason is that there is discrimination in the first proviso of section 19 as to the granting of release on bail. We are opinion that there is no substantial discrimination. (6) The sixth reason is the discrimination provided in the second proviso of section 19 The proviso is null and void, but it can be eliminated without annulling the whole act. It is a denial of the equal protection of the laws and is violative of the constitutional guarantee against deprivation of liberty without due process of law. The proviso should not be given effect, without annulling the whole act. (C) bills of attainder Appellant alleges that Commonwealth Act No. 682 is a bill of attainder in that it virtually impose upon specific, Known and identified individuals or groups of individuals, the penalty of detention and imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months without any form of trial or judicial procedure. The allegation is justified by the second proviso of section 19 of the Act. But it can not Affect it in whole as said proviso can be eliminated without impairing the remaining proviso of the law. (D) DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWER Appellant alleges that section 2 constitutes an invalid and void delegation of legislative power in so far as it virtually leaves unqualifiedly in the discretion of the Solicitor General and / or the Office of Special Prosecutors the power to determine the actual Which cases over the People's Court shall have jurisdiction. There is no such delegation. The People's Court is substantially but one court of first instance, with only limited jurisdiction. Whether a case is to be tried by the People's Court or by an ordinary court of first instance, there is no substantial difference for the purposes of the administration of justice and the jurisdictions of Both courts are specifically provided in the law. (E) CURTAILMENT POWER OF APPOINTMENT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE Appellant's objection is directed against sections 1, 4, and 18 The objection is untenable. Congress has validly provide for the qualifications of the members of the People's Court. Section 8 of Article VIII of the Constitution expressly grants that authority. (F) TRANSFER WITHOUT APPROVAL OF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT Appellant alleges that Commonwealth Act No. 682 provides for the designation and / or transfer of judges to an other place outside their respective districts without the consent of the Supreme Court, implying that section 7 of Article VIII of the Constitution is violated. The allegation is untenable. The fact that the act authorizes the appointment of person already holding positions in the judiciary to be members of the People's Court is no violation of the constitutional mandate. What the authors of the Constitution were contemplated transfers from one district to another, but not the appointment of those already holding positions to other positions. (G) Uniformity OF LAWS The objections of the appellant in paragraph (g) is but a repetition of His objections in paragraph (b) already dealt with above. (H) INDEPENDENCE OF THE Judiciary Appellant sets the User is User is following propositions: 1 By Creating a special court with jurisdiction over cases Which were already Within the jurisdiction of the courts of first instance existing, considering that the persons involved in said cases were more or less Known and identified at the time of the creation of said court, the law establishes Which under a precedent and Congress have any time remove from the jurisdiction of existing court cases involving definite or specific individuals or groups of individuals to serve any purpose Which the members of Congress has the wish to accomplish, Either to the benefit or damage of said individuals . 2 By limiting the choice of the judges to compose the People's Court, the law makes a classification that has absolutely no rational basis. 3 In leaving to the hands of the Solicitor General the absolute right to Choose Which in court he shall prosecute the cases contemplated by the law and in--providing that the judges of the People's Court shall be chosen from a limited groups of individuals, etc. , The law does not leave a wide room for the play of external factors in the administration of justice to those concerned but also destroys the confidence of the people in the judiciary. The question raised in the above three propositions are serious but none of them amounts to a violation of the fundamental law that have nullify the law in question, as a matter of They involve public policy, although the first one points to a situation bordering into a transgression of the guarantee of the equal protection of the laws. If the provisions of the Law Creating the special court shouldnt show a clear purpose of making a discrimination, pro or against those who have be tried under it, then the law must be declared null and voidin defeated. Such is not the case of the law under discussion. Matters of public policy not involving a violation of the fundamental law are Within the province of Congress to legislate, subject only to the control of the people through the electorate. For all the foregoing, we vote to affirm the decision rendered by the lower court in this case.